Geologists Chris von der Borch and Dave Mrofka collect sediment samples in South Australia. These rocks hold clues to help explain why climate changed 635 million years ago. Click on image for full size (225 Kb) Courtesy of Martin Kennedy, UCR

The shift triggered events that resulted in global warming and an ending of the last "snowball" ice age.

The researchers believe that the methane was released gradually at first and then very quickly from clathrates--methane ice that forms and stabilizes beneath ice sheets.

When the ice sheets became unstable, they collapsed, releasing pressure on the clathrates. The clathrates then began to de-gas.

"Our findings document an abrupt and catastrophic global warming that led from a very cold, seemingly stable climate state to a very warm, also stable, climate state--with no pause in between," said geologist Martin Kennedy of the University of California at Riverside (UCR), who led the research team.

"What we now need to know is the sensitivity of the trigger," he said. "How much forcing does it take to move from one stable state to the other--and are we approaching something like that today with current carbon dioxide warming?"

This transition "from 'snowball Earth' into a warmer period shows the compelling need for research on abrupt climate change in Earth's history," said H. Richard Lane, program director in NSF's Division of Earth Sciences. "These changes have much to tell us about the modern human-induced threat of rapid climate change."

According to Kennedy and colleagues, methane clathrate destabilization acted as a runaway feedback to increased global warming, and was the tipping point that ended the last snowball Earth. (The snowball Earth hypothesis posits that the Earth was covered from pole to pole in a thick sheet of ice for millions of years at a time.)

"Once methane was released at low latitudes from destabilization in front of the ice sheets, warming caused other clathrates to destabilize," Kennedy said. "Clathrates are held in a temperature-pressure balance of only a few degrees."

Not all of Earth's methane was released millions of years ago. Methane clathrates are present today in Arctic permafrost and beneath the oceans at continental margins; they will remain dormant, it's thought, unless triggered by warming.

This trigger is a major concern, Kennedy said, because it's possible that very little warming could unleash this trapped methane.

Uncovering the methane reservoir could potentially warm the Earth tens of degrees, he said, and the mechanism could be very rapid.

Such a fast uncovering of clathrates could have triggered a catastrophic climate and biogeochemical reorganization of the ocean and atmosphere around 635 million years ago, Kennedy believes.

The abruptness of the glacial termination, along with changes in ancient ocean chemistry and chemical deposits in the oceans, have been a challenge to climate scientists.

"The geologic deposits of this period are quite different from what we find in subsequent deglaciation," Kennedy said. "They immediately precede the first appearance of animals on Earth, suggesting some kind of environmental link."

Also called marsh gas, methane is a colorless, odorless gas. As a greenhouse gas, it is about 30 times more potent than carbon dioxide.

"Today we're conducting a global-scale experiment with Earth's climate system," Kennedy said, "and witnessing an unprecedented rate of warming, all with little or no knowledge of what instabilities lurk in the climate system and how they can influence life on Earth.

"Much the same experiment was done 635 million years ago, and the outcome is preserved in the geologic record. We see that strong forcing on the climate, not unlike the current carbon dioxide forcing, results in the activation of latent controls in the climate system that, once initiated, change climate to a completely different state."

Kennedy and colleagues collected hundreds of marine sediment samples in South Australia for stable isotope analysis, an important tool used in climate reconstruction.

The scientists found the broadest range of oxygen isotopic variation ever reported from marine sediments, which they attribute to melting waters in ice sheets as well as destabilization of clathrates by glacial meltwater.

Kennedy was joined in the study by David Mrofka of UCR and Chris von der Borch of Flinders University, Australia.

The study also was supported by grants from NASA's Exobiology Program.

Text above is courtesy of the National Science Foundation

Geologists Chris von der Borch and Dave Mrofka collect sediment samples in South Australia. These rocks hold clues to help explain why climate changed 635 million years ago. Click on image for full size (225 Kb) Courtesy of Martin Kennedy, UCR

Earth’s climate is warming quickly now. We know that this has to do with additional greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and other global changes. But there is a lot we don’t yet know about how warming will affect our planet. How could we know? We’ve never been through this before, have we?

Actually, even through we humans have never experienced fast global warming, our planet has. And our planet keeps records of what happened. The oldest records that the Earth keeps are in its rocks.

Looking through those records of our planet, geologist Martin Kennedy searched for evidence of ancient climate changes in very old sedimentary rocks. He was interested in learning more how and why rapid global warming happened 635 million years ago.

Kennedy and two other scientists, David Mrofka and Chris von der Borch, collected hundreds of sediment samples from rocks in South Australia. Each sample of sediment was studied with stable isotope analysis, an important tool used to understand climates of the past.

"Our findings document an abrupt and catastrophic global warming that led from a very cold, seemingly stable climate state to a very warm, also stable, climate state--with no pause in between," said Kennedy.

Earth had been covered by a thick ice sheet for millions of years before the warming started 635 million years ago. Their research suggests that a little warming caused the ice sheets to collapse. This released a large amount of the greenhouse gas methane into the atmosphere, which had been in a frozen icy form under the ice sheets. The methane increased global warming rapidly.

Today, methane is in Arctic permafrost and beneath the oceans. Researchers believe that these sinks of methane will remain where they are unless triggered by global warming. It's possible that very little warming could unleash this trapped methane, which could warm the Earth tens of degrees.

Geologists Chris von der Borch and Dave Mrofka collect sediment samples in South Australia. These rocks hold clues to help explain why climate changed 635 million years ago. Click on image for full size (225 Kb) Courtesy of Martin Kennedy, UCR

Earth’s climate is warming quickly now. We know that this has to do with more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and other global changes. But there is a lot we don’t yet know about how warming will change our planet. How could we know? We’ve never been through this before, have we?

In fact, even through we humans have never seen fast global warming, our planet has. And our planet keeps records of what happened. The oldest records that the Earth keeps are in its rocks.

Geologist Martin Kennedy looked through some very old sedimentary rocks – 635 million years old. He and other scientists collected hundreds of bit of rock from South Australia. Each rock had information in it about what climate was like long ago.

By studying the rocks the scientists found evidence that fast global warming had turned Earth from a cold place into a very warm place 635 million years ago.

Earth had been covered by a thick ice sheet for millions of years before the warming started. Then a little warming caused the ice sheets to collapse. This released a large amount of the greenhouse gas methane into the air. The methane caused very fast global warming.

Today, methane is in frozen ground in the Arctic and beneath the oceans. Researchers believe that it will stay where it is unless global warming releases it into the air. If warming lets the methane loose, Earth could warm tens of degrees.